目录: Preface to Fourth Edition .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. . xi Preface to First Edition .... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. xii Chapter 1 Introduction. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. . 1 1.1 Introduction ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .1 1.2 History and Perspective ...............................................................2 1.3 Organization of the Book .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .6 Further Reading. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .9 Chapter 2 Transformation of Snow to Ice .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ..11 2.1 Introduction ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 11 2.2 Snow, Firn, and Ice . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 11 2.2.1 Density of Ice . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 12 2.3 Zones in a Glacier .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 13 2.3.1 Distribution of Zones ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 15 2.4 Variation of Density with Depth in Firn . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 16 2.5 Snow to Ice Transformation in a Dry-snow Zone .................................. 19 2.5.1 Processes ................................................................... 19 2.5.2 Models of Density Profiles in Dry Firn .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 22 2.5.3 Reduction of Gas Mobility ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 25 2.6 Hoar Layers . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 26 2.7 Transformation When Meltwater Is Present. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 27 Further Reading. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 28 Chapter 3 Grain-Scale Structures and Deformation of Ice .. .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ..29 3.1 Introduction ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 29 3.2 Properties of a Single Ice Crystal ................................................... 30 3.2.1 Structure .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 30 3.2.2 Deformation of a Single Crystal .......................................... 32 3.3 Polycrystalline Ice: Grain-scale Forms and Processes . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 33 3.3.1 Orientation Fabrics: Brief Description ................................... 33 3.3.2 Impurities and Bubbles ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 33 3.3.3 Texture and Recrystallization ............................................. 35 3.3.4 Formation of C-axis Orientation Fabrics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 43 3.3.5 Mechanisms of Polycrystalline Deformation . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 48 3.4 Bulk Creep Properties of Polycrystalline Ice. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 51 3.4.1 Strain Rate and Incompressibility . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 51 3.4.2 Deviatoric Stress........................................................... 52 3.4.3 Bench-top Experiments: The Three Phases of Creep . ................... 52 3.4.4 Isotropic Creep Behavior. ................................................. 54 3.4.5 Controls on Creep ParameterA........................................... 64
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