《话语分析书籍》(Discourse Analysis)
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An introduction to discourse analysis
James Paul Gee presents here his unique integrated approach to discourse analysis - the analysis of spoken and written language as it is used to enact social and cultural perspectives and identities. Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics, the author presents a theory of language-in-use, as well as a method of research. Clearly structured and written in a highly accessible style, the book presents these tools of inquiry alongside the theory of language-in-use. Perspectives from a variety of approaches and disciplines, including applied linguistics, education, psychology and anthropology are incorporated to help students and scholars from a range of backgrounds formulate their own views on discourse and engage in their own discourse analyses.
Acknowledgments vii
1 Introduction 1
2 Discourses and social languages 11
3 Situated meanings and cultural models 40
4 Cultural models 58
5 Discourse analysis 80
6 Processing and organizing language 99
7 An example of discourse analysis 119
Appendix: grammar in communication 149
References 163
Index 172
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Cambridge textbook in linguistics - discourse analysis
Introduction: linguistic forms and functions
The functions of language
The transactional view
The interactional view
Spoken and written language
Manner of production
The representation of discourse: texts
Written texts
Spoken texts
The relationship between speech and writing
Differences in form between written and spoken language
Sentence and utterance
On 'data'
Rules versus regularities
Product versus process
On 'context'
The role of context in interpretation
Pragmatics and discourse context
Reference
Presupposition
Implicatures
Inference
The context of situation
Features of context
Co-text
The expanding context
The principles of 'local interpretation' and of 'analogy'
Topic and the representation of discourse content
Discourse fragments and the notion 'topic'
Sentential topic
Discourse topic
Topic framework
Presupposition pools
Sentential topic and the presupposition pool
Relevance and speaking topically
Speaker's topic
Topic boundary markers
Paragraphs
Paratones
Discourse topic and the representation of discourse content
Problems with the proposition-based representation of
discourse content
Memory for text-content: story-grammars
Representing text-content as a network
'Staging' and the representation of discourse structure
The linearisation problem
Theme
Thematisation and 'staging'
'Staging'
'Theme' as main characterltopic entity
Titles and thematisation
Thematic structure
Natural order and point of view
Theme, thematisation and 'staging'
Information structure
The structure of information
Information structure and the notion 'given lnew' in
intonation
Halliday's account of information structure: information
units
Halliday's account of information structure: tone groups
and tonics
Identifying the tone group
The tone group and the clause
Pause-defined units
The function of pitch prominence
Information structure and syntactic form
Contents
Given lnew and syntactic form 169
Information structure and sentence structure 176
The psychological status of 'givenness' '79
What does 'given' mean? '79
A taxonomy of information status 182
The information status taxonomy applied to data '84
Conclusion I 88
The nature of reference in text and in discourse
What is 'text'?
'Cohesion '
Endophora
Substitution 201
Discourse reference
Reference and discourse representations
Referring expressions
Pronouns in discourse
Pronouns and antecedent nominals
Pronouns and antecedent predicates
Pronouns and 'new' predicates
Interpreting pronominal reference in discourse 221
Coherence in the interpretation of discourse
Coherence in discourse
Computing communicative function
Speech acts
Using knowledge of the world
Top-down and bottom-up processing
Representing background knowledge
Frames
Scripts
Scenan'os
Schemata
Mental models
Determining the inferences to be made
Inferences as missing links
Inferences as non-automatic connections
Inferences as filling in gaps or discontinuities in interpretation
Conclusion
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The handbook of discourse analysis
1 1 Introduction 1
I 1 1 Discourse Analysis and Linguistics 11
1 2 2 Intonation and Discourse : Current Views from Within, Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen 13
2 2 2 Cohesion and Texture, J. R. Martin 35
3 2 2 Discourse Markers: Language, Meaning, and Context, Deborah Schiffrin 54
4 2 2 Discourse and Semantics, Neal R. Norrick 76
5 2 2 Discourse and Relevance Theory, Diane Blakemore 100
6 2 2 Discourse and Information Structure, Gregory Ward Betty J. Birner 119
7 2 2 Historical Discourse Analysis , Laurel J. Brinton 138
8 2 2 Typology and Discourse Analysis , John Myhill 161
9 2 2 Register Variation: A Corpus Approach, Douglas Biber Susan Conrad 175
II 1 1 The Linking of Theory and Practice in Discourse Analysis 197
10 2 2 Nine Ways of Looking at Apologies: The Necessity for Interdisciplinary Theory and Method in Discourse Analysis , Robin Tolmach Lakoff 199
11 2 2 Interactional Sociolinguistics: A Personal Perspective, John J. Gumperz 215
12 2 2 Discourse as an Interactional Achievement III: The Omnirelevance of Action, Emanuel A. Schegloff 229
13 2 2 Discourse and Interaction, Monica Heller 250
14 2 2 The Linguistic Structure of Discourse , Livia Polanyi 265
15 2 2 The Variationist Approach toward Discourse Structural Effects and Socio-interactional Dynamics, Sylvie Dubois David Sankoff 282
16 2 2 Computer-assisted Text and Corpus Analysis : Lexical Cohesion and Communicative Competence, Michael Stubbs 304
17 2 2 The Transcription of Discourse , Jane A. Edwards 321
III 1 1 Discourse : Language, Context, and Interaction 349
18 2 2 Critical Discourse Analysis , Teun A. van Dijk 352
19 2 2 Discourse and Racism, Ruth Wodak Martin Reisigl 372
20 2 2 Political Discourse , John Wilson 398
21 2 2 Discourse and Media, Colleen Cotter 416
22 2 2 Discourse Analysis in the Legal Context, Roger W. Shuy 437
23 2 2 The Discourse of Medical Encounters, Nancy Ainsworth-Vaughn 453
24 2 2 Language and Medicine, Suzanne Fleischman 470
25 2 2 Discourse in Educational Settings, Carolyn Temple Adger 503
26 2 2 Narrative in Institutions, Charlotte Linde 518
27 2 2 Discourse and Intercultural Communication, Ron Scollon Suzanne Wong Scollon 538
28 2 2 Discourse and Gender, Shari Kendall Deborah Tannen 548
29 2 2 Discourse and Aging, Heidi E. Hamilton 568
30 2 2 Child Discourse , Jenny Cook-Gumperz Amy Kyratzis 590
31 2 2 Computer-mediated Discourse , Susan C. Herring 612
32 2 2 Discourse Analysis and Narrative, Barbara Johnstone 635
33 2 2 Discourse and Conflict, Christina Kakava 650
IV 1 1 Discourse across Disciplines 671
34 2 2 The Analysis of Discourse Flow, Wallace Chafe 673
35 2 2 The Discursive Turn in Social Psychology, Rom Harre 688
36 2 2 Discourse Analysis and Language Teaching, Elite Olshtain Marianne Celce-Murcia 707
37 2 2 Discourse Analysis in Communication, Karen Tracy 725
38 2 2 Discourse and Sociology: Sociology and Discourse , Allen Grimshaw 750
39 2 2 Imagination in Discourse , Herbert H. Clark Mija M. Van Der Wege 772
40 2 2 Literary Pragmatics, Jacob L. Mey 787
41 2 2 Computational Perspectives on Discourse and Dialog, Bonnie Lynn Webber 798
Discourse analysis as critical historiography - it is a journal article
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Methods of critical discourse analysis
1 1 What CDA is about - a summary of its history, important concepts and its developments, Ruth Wodak 1
2 1 Between theory, method, and politics: positioning of the approaches to CDA, Michael Meyer 14
3 1 Discourse and knowledge: theoretical and methodological aspects of a critical discourse and dispositive analysis , Siegfried Jager 32
4 1 The discourse -historical approach, Ruth Wodak 63
5 1 Multidisciplinary CDA: a plea for diversity, Teun A. van Dijk 95
6 1 Critical discourse analysis as a method in social scientific research, Norman Fairclough 121
7 1 Action and text: towards an integrated understanding of the place of text in social (inter)action, mediated discourse analysis and the problem of social action, Ron Scollon 139
1 References 184
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Text and discourse analysis
Part 1 Lexical cohesion
1. Word repetition
2. Using synonyms
3. Superordinates and generals
4. Opposites and related words
Part 2 Other kinds of cohesion
5. Substitutes
6. More substitutes
7. Ellipsis
8. Reference words
9. Connectives
Part 3 Beyond cohesion
10.Larger patterns
An introduction to discourse analysis
James Paul Gee presents here his unique integrated approach to discourse analysis - the analysis of spoken and written language as it is used to enact social and cultural perspectives and identities. Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics, the author presents a theory of language-in-use, as well as a method of research. Clearly structured and written in a highly accessible style, the book presents these tools of inquiry alongside the theory of language-in-use. Perspectives from a variety of approaches and disciplines, including applied linguistics, education, psychology and anthropology are incorporated to help students and scholars from a range of backgrounds formulate their own views on discourse and engage in their own discourse analyses.
Acknowledgments vii
1 Introduction 1
2 Discourses and social languages 11
3 Situated meanings and cultural models 40
4 Cultural models 58
5 Discourse analysis 80
6 Processing and organizing language 99
7 An example of discourse analysis 119
Appendix: grammar in communication 149
References 163
Index 172
Cambridge textbook in linguistics - discourse analysis
Introduction: linguistic forms and functions
The functions of language
The transactional view
The interactional view
Spoken and written language
Manner of production
The representation of discourse: texts
Written texts
Spoken texts
The relationship between speech and writing
Differences in form between written and spoken language
Sentence and utterance
On 'data'
Rules versus regularities
Product versus process
On 'context'
The role of context in interpretation
Pragmatics and discourse context
Reference
Presupposition
Implicatures
Inference
The context of situation
Features of context
Co-text
The expanding context
The principles of 'local interpretation' and of 'analogy'
Topic and the representation of discourse content
Discourse fragments and the notion 'topic'
Sentential topic
Discourse topic
Topic framework
Presupposition pools
Sentential topic and the presupposition pool
Relevance and speaking topically
Speaker's topic
Topic boundary markers
Paragraphs
Paratones
Discourse topic and the representation of discourse content
Problems with the proposition-based representation of
discourse content
Memory for text-content: story-grammars
Representing text-content as a network
'Staging' and the representation of discourse structure
The linearisation problem
Theme
Thematisation and 'staging'
'Staging'
'Theme' as main characterltopic entity
Titles and thematisation
Thematic structure
Natural order and point of view
Theme, thematisation and 'staging'
Information structure
The structure of information
Information structure and the notion 'given lnew' in
intonation
Halliday's account of information structure: information
units
Halliday's account of information structure: tone groups
and tonics
Identifying the tone group
The tone group and the clause
Pause-defined units
The function of pitch prominence
Information structure and syntactic form
Contents
Given lnew and syntactic form 169
Information structure and sentence structure 176
The psychological status of 'givenness' '79
What does 'given' mean? '79
A taxonomy of information status 182
The information status taxonomy applied to data '84
Conclusion I 88
The nature of reference in text and in discourse
What is 'text'?
'Cohesion '
Endophora
Substitution 201
Discourse reference
Reference and discourse representations
Referring expressions
Pronouns in discourse
Pronouns and antecedent nominals
Pronouns and antecedent predicates
Pronouns and 'new' predicates
Interpreting pronominal reference in discourse 221
Coherence in the interpretation of discourse
Coherence in discourse
Computing communicative function
Speech acts
Using knowledge of the world
Top-down and bottom-up processing
Representing background knowledge
Frames
Scripts
Scenan'os
Schemata
Mental models
Determining the inferences to be made
Inferences as missing links
Inferences as non-automatic connections
Inferences as filling in gaps or discontinuities in interpretation
Conclusion
The handbook of discourse analysis
1 1 Introduction 1
I 1 1 Discourse Analysis and Linguistics 11
1 2 2 Intonation and Discourse : Current Views from Within, Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen 13
2 2 2 Cohesion and Texture, J. R. Martin 35
3 2 2 Discourse Markers: Language, Meaning, and Context, Deborah Schiffrin 54
4 2 2 Discourse and Semantics, Neal R. Norrick 76
5 2 2 Discourse and Relevance Theory, Diane Blakemore 100
6 2 2 Discourse and Information Structure, Gregory Ward Betty J. Birner 119
7 2 2 Historical Discourse Analysis , Laurel J. Brinton 138
8 2 2 Typology and Discourse Analysis , John Myhill 161
9 2 2 Register Variation: A Corpus Approach, Douglas Biber Susan Conrad 175
II 1 1 The Linking of Theory and Practice in Discourse Analysis 197
10 2 2 Nine Ways of Looking at Apologies: The Necessity for Interdisciplinary Theory and Method in Discourse Analysis , Robin Tolmach Lakoff 199
11 2 2 Interactional Sociolinguistics: A Personal Perspective, John J. Gumperz 215
12 2 2 Discourse as an Interactional Achievement III: The Omnirelevance of Action, Emanuel A. Schegloff 229
13 2 2 Discourse and Interaction, Monica Heller 250
14 2 2 The Linguistic Structure of Discourse , Livia Polanyi 265
15 2 2 The Variationist Approach toward Discourse Structural Effects and Socio-interactional Dynamics, Sylvie Dubois David Sankoff 282
16 2 2 Computer-assisted Text and Corpus Analysis : Lexical Cohesion and Communicative Competence, Michael Stubbs 304
17 2 2 The Transcription of Discourse , Jane A. Edwards 321
III 1 1 Discourse : Language, Context, and Interaction 349
18 2 2 Critical Discourse Analysis , Teun A. van Dijk 352
19 2 2 Discourse and Racism, Ruth Wodak Martin Reisigl 372
20 2 2 Political Discourse , John Wilson 398
21 2 2 Discourse and Media, Colleen Cotter 416
22 2 2 Discourse Analysis in the Legal Context, Roger W. Shuy 437
23 2 2 The Discourse of Medical Encounters, Nancy Ainsworth-Vaughn 453
24 2 2 Language and Medicine, Suzanne Fleischman 470
25 2 2 Discourse in Educational Settings, Carolyn Temple Adger 503
26 2 2 Narrative in Institutions, Charlotte Linde 518
27 2 2 Discourse and Intercultural Communication, Ron Scollon Suzanne Wong Scollon 538
28 2 2 Discourse and Gender, Shari Kendall Deborah Tannen 548
29 2 2 Discourse and Aging, Heidi E. Hamilton 568
30 2 2 Child Discourse , Jenny Cook-Gumperz Amy Kyratzis 590
31 2 2 Computer-mediated Discourse , Susan C. Herring 612
32 2 2 Discourse Analysis and Narrative, Barbara Johnstone 635
33 2 2 Discourse and Conflict, Christina Kakava 650
IV 1 1 Discourse across Disciplines 671
34 2 2 The Analysis of Discourse Flow, Wallace Chafe 673
35 2 2 The Discursive Turn in Social Psychology, Rom Harre 688
36 2 2 Discourse Analysis and Language Teaching, Elite Olshtain Marianne Celce-Murcia 707
37 2 2 Discourse Analysis in Communication, Karen Tracy 725
38 2 2 Discourse and Sociology: Sociology and Discourse , Allen Grimshaw 750
39 2 2 Imagination in Discourse , Herbert H. Clark Mija M. Van Der Wege 772
40 2 2 Literary Pragmatics, Jacob L. Mey 787
41 2 2 Computational Perspectives on Discourse and Dialog, Bonnie Lynn Webber 798
Discourse analysis as critical historiography - it is a journal article
Methods of critical discourse analysis
1 1 What CDA is about - a summary of its history, important concepts and its developments, Ruth Wodak 1
2 1 Between theory, method, and politics: positioning of the approaches to CDA, Michael Meyer 14
3 1 Discourse and knowledge: theoretical and methodological aspects of a critical discourse and dispositive analysis , Siegfried Jager 32
4 1 The discourse -historical approach, Ruth Wodak 63
5 1 Multidisciplinary CDA: a plea for diversity, Teun A. van Dijk 95
6 1 Critical discourse analysis as a method in social scientific research, Norman Fairclough 121
7 1 Action and text: towards an integrated understanding of the place of text in social (inter)action, mediated discourse analysis and the problem of social action, Ron Scollon 139
1 References 184
Text and discourse analysis
Part 1 Lexical cohesion
1. Word repetition
2. Using synonyms
3. Superordinates and generals
4. Opposites and related words
Part 2 Other kinds of cohesion
5. Substitutes
6. More substitutes
7. Ellipsis
8. Reference words
9. Connectives
Part 3 Beyond cohesion
10.Larger patterns