《亚理斯多德-论魂》(De Anima)(亚理斯多德-Aristotle)文字版[PDF]
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De anima是亚理斯多德的著作中引起最多问题及探讨的一本书，这本书也是亚理斯多德之后詮释最多的一本书。从泛希腊时期直到中世纪不断有新的詮释出来。从古代希腊灵魂思想的发展而言，亚理斯多德是第一位哲学家从生物学的观点说明灵魂为生命的原理，灵魂使得身体之所以活著的原理。
在亚理斯多德之前，希腊人没有在生命（有机体）和无生命（无机体）的区别，在宇宙中所有的东西都是活的、有生命的。
在De anima中，亚理斯多德以型质论来说明灵魂与身体为一个人的两个内在的原理。单独的灵魂不存在，人不是他的灵魂。单独的身体也不存在，只有在两者一起时，人方存在。这一理论就明显的在反对苏格拉底及柏拉图的灵魂是真实的人本身，灵魂为真实的实体，可以分开的存在。
De anima可以说是西方灵魂论或人学的第一本系统的著作，亚理斯多德使得灵魂论成为一门科学。有关灵魂的理解可以增进我们对自然（物理）的理解。亚理斯多德要探讨的是灵魂的本性、固有的属性。要拥有有关灵魂的知识是一非常困难的事。
对灵魂的探讨的起点：灵魂的两个独特的性质
1. 运动
2. 感觉
亚理斯多德从在他之前的哲学家对灵魂的探讨开始逐一的说明
.....
---------上文摘自http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/jw!6EUyEimeHxlS...next=113------
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On the Soul (Greek Περὶ Ψυχῆς (Perì Psūchês), Latin De Anima) is a major treatise by Aristotle on the nature of living things. His discussion centres on the kinds of souls possessed by different kinds of living things, distinguished by their different operations. Thus plants have the capacity for nourishment and reproduction, the minimum that must be possessed by any kind of living organism. Lower animals have, in addition, the powers of sense-perception and self-motion (action). Humans have all these as well as intellect.
The notion of soul used by Aristotle is only distantly related to the usual modern conception. He holds that the soul is the form, or essence of any living thing; that it is not a distinct substance from the body that it is in; that it is the possession of soul (of a specific kind) that makes an organism an organism at all, and thus that the notion of a body without a soul, or of a soul in the wrong kind of body, is simply unintelligible. (He argues that some parts of the soul--the intellect--can exist without the body, but most cannot.) It is difficult to reconcile these points with the popular picture of a soul as a sort of spiritual substance inhabiting a body. Some commentators have suggested that Aristotle's term soul is better translated as lifeforce.[citation needed].
[截图]
1.希腊文
/thumb.jpg)
2.英译
/thumb.jpg)
De anima是亚理斯多德的著作中引起最多问题及探讨的一本书，这本书也是亚理斯多德之后詮释最多的一本书。从泛希腊时期直到中世纪不断有新的詮释出来。从古代希腊灵魂思想的发展而言，亚理斯多德是第一位哲学家从生物学的观点说明灵魂为生命的原理，灵魂使得身体之所以活著的原理。
在亚理斯多德之前，希腊人没有在生命（有机体）和无生命（无机体）的区别，在宇宙中所有的东西都是活的、有生命的。
在De anima中，亚理斯多德以型质论来说明灵魂与身体为一个人的两个内在的原理。单独的灵魂不存在，人不是他的灵魂。单独的身体也不存在，只有在两者一起时，人方存在。这一理论就明显的在反对苏格拉底及柏拉图的灵魂是真实的人本身，灵魂为真实的实体，可以分开的存在。
De anima可以说是西方灵魂论或人学的第一本系统的著作，亚理斯多德使得灵魂论成为一门科学。有关灵魂的理解可以增进我们对自然（物理）的理解。亚理斯多德要探讨的是灵魂的本性、固有的属性。要拥有有关灵魂的知识是一非常困难的事。
对灵魂的探讨的起点：灵魂的两个独特的性质
1. 运动
2. 感觉
亚理斯多德从在他之前的哲学家对灵魂的探讨开始逐一的说明
.....
---------上文摘自http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/jw!6EUyEimeHxlS...next=113------
On the Soul (Greek Περὶ Ψυχῆς (Perì Psūchês), Latin De Anima) is a major treatise by Aristotle on the nature of living things. His discussion centres on the kinds of souls possessed by different kinds of living things, distinguished by their different operations. Thus plants have the capacity for nourishment and reproduction, the minimum that must be possessed by any kind of living organism. Lower animals have, in addition, the powers of sense-perception and self-motion (action). Humans have all these as well as intellect.
The notion of soul used by Aristotle is only distantly related to the usual modern conception. He holds that the soul is the form, or essence of any living thing; that it is not a distinct substance from the body that it is in; that it is the possession of soul (of a specific kind) that makes an organism an organism at all, and thus that the notion of a body without a soul, or of a soul in the wrong kind of body, is simply unintelligible. (He argues that some parts of the soul--the intellect--can exist without the body, but most cannot.) It is difficult to reconcile these points with the popular picture of a soul as a sort of spiritual substance inhabiting a body. Some commentators have suggested that Aristotle's term soul is better translated as lifeforce.[citation needed].
[截图]
1.希腊文
2.英译